Fatty liver

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{{#if: | {{#if: | {{#if: K70., K76.0| {{#if: 571.0, 571.8| {{#if: | {{#if: | {{#if: 18844| {{#if: | {{#if: med| {{#if: | {{#if: Fatty+Liver|
Fatty liver
Classification & external resources
[[Image:|190px|center|]]}}
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ICD-10 K70., K76.0}}
ICD-9 571.0, 571.8}}
ICD-O: }}
OMIM [8] }}
DiseasesDB 18844 }}
MedlinePlus [9] }}
eMedicine search | topic list | med/775 }} }}
MeSH {{{MeshID}}} }}
MeSH C06.552.241}}
Image:Stage of liver damage.JPG
Different stages of liver damage

Fatty liver (also known as steatorrhoeic hepatosis or steatosis hepatis) is a reversible condition where large vacuoles of triglyceride fat accumulate in liver cells via the process of steatosis. Despite having multiple causes, fatty liver disease (FLD) can be considered a single disease that occurs worldwide in those with excessive alcohol intake and those who are obese (with or without effects of insulin resistance). The condition is also associated with other diseases that influence fat metabolism[1]. Morphologically it is difficult to distinguish alcoholic FLD from non alcoholic FLD and both show micro-vesicular and macrovesicular fatty changes at different stages.

Contents

Causes

Fatty liver is commonly associated with alcohol or metabolic syndrome (diabetes, hypertension and dyslipidemia) but can also be due to any one of many causes[2][3]:

Metabolic
Abetalipoproteinemia, glycogen storage diseases, Weber-Christian disease, Wolman disease, acute fatty liver of pregnancy, lipodystrophy
Nutritional
Malnutrition, total parenteral nutrition, severe weight loss, refeeding syndrome, jejuno-ileal bypass, gastric bypass, jejunal diverticulosis with bacterial overgrowth
Drugs and toxins
Amiodarone, methotrexate, diltiazem, highly active antiretroviral therapy, glucocorticoids, tamoxifen, environmental hepatotoxins (e.g. phosphorus, toxic mushroom)
Other
Inflammatory bowel disease, HIV

Pathology

Fatty change represents the intra-cytoplasmic accumulation of triglyceride (neutral fats). At the beginning, the hepatocytes present small fat vacuoles (liposomes) around the nucleus - microvesicular fatty change. In this stage liver cells are filled with multiple fat droplets that do not displace centrally located nucleus. In the late stages, the size of the vacuoles increases pushing the nucleus to the periphery of the cell giving characteristic signet ring appearance - macrovesicular fatty change. These vesicles are well delineated and optically "empty" because fats dissolve during tissue processing. Large vacuoles may coalesce, producing fatty cysts - which are irreversible lesions. [10]. Macrovesicular steatosis is the most common form and is typically associated with alcohol, diabetes, obesity and corticosteroids. Acute fatty liver of pregnancy and Reye's syndrome are examples of severe liver disease caused by microvesicular fatty change[4]. The diagnosis of steatosis is made when fat in the liver exceeds 5–10% by weight[5][6][1].

Image:Steatosis.jpg
Mechanism leading to hepatic steatosis

Defects in fat metabolism are responsible for pathogenesis of FLD which may be due to imbalance in energy consumption and its combustion resulting in lipid storage or can be a consequence of peripheral resistance to insulin, whereby the transport of fatty acids from adipose tissue to the liver is increased[7][1]. Impairment or inhibition of receptor molecules (PPAR-α, PPAR-γ and SREBP1) that control the enzymes responsible for the oxidation and synthesis of fatty acids appears to contribute towards fat accumulation. In addition alcoholism is known to damage mitochondria and other cellular structure further impairing cellular energy mechanism. On the other hand non alcoholic FLD may begin as excess of unmetabolised energy in liver cells. Hepatic steatosis is considered reversible and to some extent nonprogressive if there is cessation or removal of underlying cause.

Severe fatty liver is accompanied by inflammation, a situation that is referred to as steatohepatitis. Progression to alcoholic steatohepatitis (ASH) or non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) depend on persistence or severity of inciting cause. Pathological lesions in both conditions are similar. However, the extent of inflammatory response varies widely and does not always correlate with degree of fat accumulation. Steatosis (retention of lipid) and onset of steatohepatitis may represent successive stages in FLD progression[8].

Liver with extensive inflammation and high degree of steatosis often progresses to more severe forms of the disease[9]. Hepatocyte ballooning and hepatocyte necrosis of varying degree are often present at this stage. Liver cell death and inflammatory responses lead to the activation of stellate cells which play a pivotal role in hepatic fibrosis. The extent of fibrosis varies widely. Perisinusoidal fibrosis is most common, especially in adults, and predominates in zone 3 around the terminal hepatic veins[10].

The progression to cirrhosis may be influenced by the amount of fat and degree of steatohepatitis and by a variety of other sensitizing factors. In alcoholic FLD the transition to cirrhosis related to continued alcohol consumption is well documented but the process involved in non-alcoholic FLD is less clear.

Diagnosis

Flow chart for diagnosis, modified from[3]
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‡ Criteria for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease:
consumption of ethanol less than 20g/day for woman and 30g/day for man[11]

Most individuals are asymptomatic and are usually discovered incidentally because of abnormal liver function tests or hepatomegaly noted in unrelated medical condition. Elevated liver biochemistry is found in 50% of patients with simple steatosis[12]. The serum ALT level usually is greater than the AST level in non-alcoholic variant and the opposite in alcoholic FLD.

Imaging studies are often obtained during evaluation process. Ultrasonography reveals a "bright" liver with increased echogenicity. A fatty liver has lower density than spleen on CT scan and fat appears bright in T1 weighted MRI. No radiological modality is however able to distinguish simple steatosis from advanced NASH. Histological diagnosis by liver biopsy is sought when assessment of severity is indicated.

Treatment and prevention

The treatment of fatty liver depends on what is causing it, and generally, treating the underlying cause will reverse the process of steatosis if implemented at early stage.

Complication

Up to 10% of cirrhotic alcoholic FLD will develop hepatocellular carcinoma. Overall incidence of liver cancer in non-alcoholic FLD has not yet been quantified, but the association is well established[13].

Epidemiology

The prevalence of FLD in the general population ranges from 10% to 24% in various countries[2]. However, the condition is observed in up to 75% of obese people, 35% of whom will progress to non-alcoholic FLD[14], despite no evidence of excessive alcohol consumption. FLD is the commonest cause of abnormal liver function test in the US[2]. African-Americans and Mexican-Americans have higher frequencies of unexplained serum aminotransferase elevations than those reported in US whites, but prevalence of FLD among different racial groups is not known.

See also

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 {{#if:Reddy JK, Rao MS |{{#if: |[[{{{authorlink}}}|{{#if: |{{{last}}}{{#if: |, {{{first}}} }} |Reddy JK, Rao MS }}]] |{{#if: |{{{last}}}{{#if: |, {{{first}}} }} |Reddy JK, Rao MS }} }} }}{{#if:Reddy JK, Rao MS |{{#if: | ; {{{coauthors}}} }} }}{{#if: | ({{{date}}}) |{{#if:2006 |{{#if: | ({{{month}}} 2006) | (2006) }} }} }}{{#if:Reddy JK, Rao MS | . }}{{#if:Reddy JK, Rao MS2006 | }}{{#ifeq: | no | | {{#if: |“|"}} }}{{#if: |[{{{url}}} Lipid metabolism and liver inflammation. II. Fatty liver disease and fatty acid oxidation] |Lipid metabolism and liver inflammation. II. Fatty liver disease and fatty acid oxidation }}{{#ifeq: | no | | {{#if:|”|"}} }}{{#if: | (in {{{language}}}) }}{{#if: | ({{{format}}}) }}{{#if:Am. J. Physiol. Gastrointest. Liver Physiol. |. Am. J. Physiol. Gastrointest. Liver Physiol. }}{{#if:290 | 290 }}{{#if:5 | (5) }}{{#if:G852-8 |: G852-8 }}{{#if: |. {{#if: |{{{location}}}: }}{{{publisher}}} }}{{#if:10.1152/ajpgi.00521.2005 |. doi:10.1152/ajpgi.00521.2005 }}{{#if: |. ISSN {{{issn}}} }}{{#if:16603729 |. PMID 16603729 }}{{#if: |. Bibcode: {{{bibcode}}} }}{{#if: |. OCLC {{{oclc}}} }}{{#if: |. {{{id}}} }}{{#if: |. Retrieved on [[{{{accessdate}}}]]{{#if: | , [[{{{accessyear}}}]] }} }}{{#if: | Retrieved on {{{accessmonthday}}}, {{{accessyear}}} }}{{#if: | Retrieved on {{{accessdaymonth}}} {{{accessyear}}} }}{{#if: |. [{{{laysummary}}} Lay summary]{{#if: | – {{{laysource}}}}} }}{{#if: | ([[{{{laydate}}}]]) }}.{{#if: | “{{{quote}}}” }}
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 {{#if:Angulo P |{{#if: |[[{{{authorlink}}}|{{#if: |{{{last}}}{{#if: |, {{{first}}} }} |Angulo P }}]] |{{#if: |{{{last}}}{{#if: |, {{{first}}} }} |Angulo P }} }} }}{{#if:Angulo P |{{#if: | ; {{{coauthors}}} }} }}{{#if: | ({{{date}}}) |{{#if:2002 |{{#if: | ({{{month}}} 2002) | (2002) }} }} }}{{#if:Angulo P | . }}{{#if:Angulo P2002 | }}{{#ifeq: | no | | {{#if: |“|"}} }}{{#if: |[{{{url}}} Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease] |Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease }}{{#ifeq: | no | | {{#if:|”|"}} }}{{#if: | (in {{{language}}}) }}{{#if: | ({{{format}}}) }}{{#if:N. Engl. J. Med. |. N. Engl. J. Med. }}{{#if:346 | 346 }}{{#if:16 | (16) }}{{#if:1221-31 |: 1221-31 }}{{#if: |. {{#if: |{{{location}}}: }}{{{publisher}}} }}{{#if:10.1056/NEJMra011775 |. doi:10.1056/NEJMra011775 }}{{#if: |. ISSN {{{issn}}} }}{{#if:11961152 |. PMID 11961152 }}{{#if: |. Bibcode: {{{bibcode}}} }}{{#if: |. OCLC {{{oclc}}} }}{{#if: |. {{{id}}} }}{{#if: |. Retrieved on [[{{{accessdate}}}]]{{#if: | , [[{{{accessyear}}}]] }} }}{{#if: | Retrieved on {{{accessmonthday}}}, {{{accessyear}}} }}{{#if: | Retrieved on {{{accessdaymonth}}} {{{accessyear}}} }}{{#if: |. [{{{laysummary}}} Lay summary]{{#if: | – {{{laysource}}}}} }}{{#if: | ([[{{{laydate}}}]]) }}.{{#if: | “{{{quote}}}” }}
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 {{#if:Bayard M, Holt J, Boroughs E |{{#if: |[[{{{authorlink}}}|{{#if: |{{{last}}}{{#if: |, {{{first}}} }} |Bayard M, Holt J, Boroughs E }}]] |{{#if: |{{{last}}}{{#if: |, {{{first}}} }} |Bayard M, Holt J, Boroughs E }} }} }}{{#if:Bayard M, Holt J, Boroughs E |{{#if: | ; {{{coauthors}}} }} }}{{#if: | ({{{date}}}) |{{#if:2006 |{{#if: | ({{{month}}} 2006) | (2006) }} }} }}{{#if:Bayard M, Holt J, Boroughs E | . }}{{#if:Bayard M, Holt J, Boroughs E2006 | }}{{#ifeq: | no | | {{#if: |“|"}} }}{{#if: |[{{{url}}} Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease] |Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease }}{{#ifeq: | no | | {{#if:|”|"}} }}{{#if: | (in {{{language}}}) }}{{#if: | ({{{format}}}) }}{{#if:American family physician |. American family physician }}{{#if:73 | 73 }}{{#if:11 | (11) }}{{#if:1961-8 |: 1961-8 }}{{#if: |. {{#if: |{{{location}}}: }}{{{publisher}}} }}{{#if: |. doi:[1] }}{{#if: |. ISSN {{{issn}}} }}{{#if:16770927 |. PMID 16770927 }}{{#if: |. Bibcode: {{{bibcode}}} }}{{#if: |. OCLC {{{oclc}}} }}{{#if: |. {{{id}}} }}{{#if: |. Retrieved on [[{{{accessdate}}}]]{{#if: | , [[{{{accessyear}}}]] }} }}{{#if: | Retrieved on {{{accessmonthday}}}, {{{accessyear}}} }}{{#if: | Retrieved on {{{accessdaymonth}}} {{{accessyear}}} }}{{#if: |. [{{{laysummary}}} Lay summary]{{#if: | – {{{laysource}}}}} }}{{#if: | ([[{{{laydate}}}]]) }}.{{#if: | “{{{quote}}}” }}
  4. ↑ {{ #if: Goldman | {{ #if: | [[{{{authorlink}}}|{{ #if: Goldman | Goldman{{ #if: Lee | , Lee }} | {{{author}}} }}]] | {{ #if: Goldman | Goldman{{ #if: Lee | , Lee }} | {{{author}}} }} }} }}{{ #if: Goldman | {{ #if: | ; {{{coauthors}}} }} }}{{ #if: | [{{{origdate}}}] | {{ #if: | {{ #if: | [{{{origmonth}}} {{{origyear}}}] | [{{{origyear}}}] }} }} }}{{ #if: | ({{{date}}}) | {{ #if: 2003 | {{ #if: | ({{{month}}} 2003) | (2003) }} }} }}{{ #if: Goldman | . }}{{ #if: | "{{ #if: | [{{{chapterurl}}} {{{chapter}}}] | {{{chapter}}} }}",}}{{ #if: | in {{{editor}}}: }} {{ #if: | [{{{url}}} Cecil Textbook of Medicine -- 2-Volume Set, Text with Continually Updated Online Reference] | Cecil Textbook of Medicine -- 2-Volume Set, Text with Continually Updated Online Reference }}{{ #if: | ({{{format}}}) }}{{ #if: | , {{{others}}} }}{{ #if: | , {{{edition}}} }}{{ #if: | , {{{series}}} }}{{ #if: | (in {{{language}}}) }}{{ #if: W.B. Saunders Company | {{#if: | , | . }}{{ #if: Philadelphia | Philadelphia: }}W.B. Saunders Company }}{{ #if: | , {{{page}}} }}{{ #if: | . DOI:{{{doi}}} }}{{ #if: | . {{{id}}} }}{{ #if: 0721645631 | . ISBN 0721645631 }}{{ #if: | . OCLC {{{oclc}}} }}{{ #if: | {{ #if: | . Retrieved on [[{{{accessdate}}}]] | {{ #if: | . Retrieved {{ #if: | on [[{{{accessmonth}}} {{{accessyear}}}]] | during [[{{{accessyear}}}]] }}}} }} }}.{{ #if: |  “{{{quote}}}” }} 
  5. ↑ {{#if:Adams LA, Lymp JF, St Sauver J, Sanderson SO, Lindor KD, Feldstein A, Angulo P |{{#if: |[[{{{authorlink}}}|{{#if: |{{{last}}}{{#if: |, {{{first}}} }} |Adams LA, Lymp JF, St Sauver J, Sanderson SO, Lindor KD, Feldstein A, Angulo P }}]] |{{#if: |{{{last}}}{{#if: |, {{{first}}} }} |Adams LA, Lymp JF, St Sauver J, Sanderson SO, Lindor KD, Feldstein A, Angulo P }} }} }}{{#if:Adams LA, Lymp JF, St Sauver J, Sanderson SO, Lindor KD, Feldstein A, Angulo P |{{#if: | ; {{{coauthors}}} }} }}{{#if: | ({{{date}}}) |{{#if:2005 |{{#if: | ({{{month}}} 2005) | (2005) }} }} }}{{#if:Adams LA, Lymp JF, St Sauver J, Sanderson SO, Lindor KD, Feldstein A, Angulo P | . }}{{#if:Adams LA, Lymp JF, St Sauver J, Sanderson SO, Lindor KD, Feldstein A, Angulo P2005 | }}{{#ifeq: | no | | {{#if: |“|"}} }}{{#if: |[{{{url}}} The natural history of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: a population-based cohort study] |The natural history of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: a population-based cohort study }}{{#ifeq: | no | | {{#if:|”|"}} }}{{#if: | (in {{{language}}}) }}{{#if: | ({{{format}}}) }}{{#if:Gastroenterology |. Gastroenterology }}{{#if:129 | 129 }}{{#if:1 | (1) }}{{#if:113-21 |: 113-21 }}{{#if: |. {{#if: |{{{location}}}: }}{{{publisher}}} }}{{#if: |. doi:[2] }}{{#if: |. ISSN {{{issn}}} }}{{#if:16012941 |. PMID 16012941 }}{{#if: |. Bibcode: {{{bibcode}}} }}{{#if: |. OCLC {{{oclc}}} }}{{#if: |. {{{id}}} }}{{#if: |. Retrieved on [[{{{accessdate}}}]]{{#if: | , [[{{{accessyear}}}]] }} }}{{#if: | Retrieved on {{{accessmonthday}}}, {{{accessyear}}} }}{{#if: | Retrieved on {{{accessdaymonth}}} {{{accessyear}}} }}{{#if: |. [{{{laysummary}}} Lay summary]{{#if: | – {{{laysource}}}}} }}{{#if: | ([[{{{laydate}}}]]) }}.{{#if: | “{{{quote}}}” }}
  6. ↑ {{#if:Crabb DW, Galli A, Fischer M, You M |{{#if: |[[{{{authorlink}}}|{{#if: |{{{last}}}{{#if: |, {{{first}}} }} |Crabb DW, Galli A, Fischer M, You M }}]] |{{#if: |{{{last}}}{{#if: |, {{{first}}} }} |Crabb DW, Galli A, Fischer M, You M }} }} }}{{#if:Crabb DW, Galli A, Fischer M, You M |{{#if: | ; {{{coauthors}}} }} }}{{#if: | ({{{date}}}) |{{#if:2004 |{{#if: | ({{{month}}} 2004) | (2004) }} }} }}{{#if:Crabb DW, Galli A, Fischer M, You M | . }}{{#if:Crabb DW, Galli A, Fischer M, You M2004 | }}{{#ifeq: | no | | {{#if: |“|"}} }}{{#if: |[{{{url}}} Molecular mechanisms of alcoholic fatty liver: role of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha] |Molecular mechanisms of alcoholic fatty liver: role of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha }}{{#ifeq: | no | | {{#if:|”|"}} }}{{#if: | (in {{{language}}}) }}{{#if: | ({{{format}}}) }}{{#if:Alcohol |. Alcohol }}{{#if:34 | 34 }}{{#if:1 | (1) }}{{#if:35-8 |: 35-8 }}{{#if: |. {{#if: |{{{location}}}: }}{{{publisher}}} }}{{#if:10.1016/j.alcohol.2004.07.005 |. doi:10.1016/j.alcohol.2004.07.005 }}{{#if: |. ISSN {{{issn}}} }}{{#if:15670663 |. PMID 15670663 }}{{#if: |. Bibcode: {{{bibcode}}} }}{{#if: |. OCLC {{{oclc}}} }}{{#if: |. {{{id}}} }}{{#if: |. Retrieved on [[{{{accessdate}}}]]{{#if: | , [[{{{accessyear}}}]] }} }}{{#if: | Retrieved on {{{accessmonthday}}}, {{{accessyear}}} }}{{#if: | Retrieved on {{{accessdaymonth}}} {{{accessyear}}} }}{{#if: |. [{{{laysummary}}} Lay summary]{{#if: | – {{{laysource}}}}} }}{{#if: | ([[{{{laydate}}}]]) }}.{{#if: | “{{{quote}}}” }}
  7. ↑ {{#if:Medina J, Fernández-Salazar LI, García-Buey L, Moreno-Otero R |{{#if: |[[{{{authorlink}}}|{{#if: |{{{last}}}{{#if: |, {{{first}}} }} |Medina J, Fernández-Salazar LI, García-Buey L, Moreno-Otero R }}]] |{{#if: |{{{last}}}{{#if: |, {{{first}}} }} |Medina J, Fernández-Salazar LI, García-Buey L, Moreno-Otero R }} }} }}{{#if:Medina J, Fernández-Salazar LI, García-Buey L, Moreno-Otero R |{{#if: | ; {{{coauthors}}} }} }}{{#if: | ({{{date}}}) |{{#if:2004 |{{#if: | ({{{month}}} 2004) | (2004) }} }} }}{{#if:Medina J, Fernández-Salazar LI, García-Buey L, Moreno-Otero R | . }}{{#if:Medina J, Fernández-Salazar LI, García-Buey L, Moreno-Otero R2004 | }}{{#ifeq: | no | | {{#if: |“|"}} }}{{#if: |[{{{url}}} Approach to the pathogenesis and treatment of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis] |Approach to the pathogenesis and treatment of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis }}{{#ifeq: | no | | {{#if:|”|"}} }}{{#if: | (in {{{language}}}) }}{{#if: | ({{{format}}}) }}{{#if:Diabetes Care |. Diabetes Care }}{{#if:27 | 27 }}{{#if:8 | (8) }}{{#if:2057-66 |: 2057-66 }}{{#if: |. {{#if: |{{{location}}}: }}{{{publisher}}} }}{{#if: |. doi:[3] }}{{#if: |. ISSN {{{issn}}} }}{{#if:15277442 |. PMID 15277442 }}{{#if: |. Bibcode: {{{bibcode}}} }}{{#if: |. OCLC {{{oclc}}} }}{{#if: |. {{{id}}} }}{{#if: |. Retrieved on [[{{{accessdate}}}]]{{#if: | , [[{{{accessyear}}}]] }} }}{{#if: | Retrieved on {{{accessmonthday}}}, {{{accessyear}}} }}{{#if: | Retrieved on {{{accessdaymonth}}} {{{accessyear}}} }}{{#if: |. [{{{laysummary}}} Lay summary]{{#if: | – {{{laysource}}}}} }}{{#if: | ([[{{{laydate}}}]]) }}.{{#if: | “{{{quote}}}” }}
  8. ↑ {{#if:Day CP, James OF |{{#if: |[[{{{authorlink}}}|{{#if: |{{{last}}}{{#if: |, {{{first}}} }} |Day CP, James OF }}]] |{{#if: |{{{last}}}{{#if: |, {{{first}}} }} |Day CP, James OF }} }} }}{{#if:Day CP, James OF |{{#if: | ; {{{coauthors}}} }} }}{{#if: | ({{{date}}}) |{{#if:1998 |{{#if: | ({{{month}}} 1998) | (1998) }} }} }}{{#if:Day CP, James OF | . }}{{#if:Day CP, James OF1998 | }}{{#ifeq: | no | | {{#if: |“|"}} }}{{#if: |[{{{url}}} Steatohepatitis: a tale of two "hits"?] |Steatohepatitis: a tale of two "hits"? }}{{#ifeq: | no | | {{#if:|”|"}} }}{{#if: | (in {{{language}}}) }}{{#if: | ({{{format}}}) }}{{#if:Gastroenterology |. Gastroenterology }}{{#if:114 | 114 }}{{#if:4 | (4) }}{{#if:842-5 |: 842-5 }}{{#if: |. {{#if: |{{{location}}}: }}{{{publisher}}} }}{{#if: |. doi:[4] }}{{#if: |. ISSN {{{issn}}} }}{{#if:9547102 |. PMID 9547102 }}{{#if: |. Bibcode: {{{bibcode}}} }}{{#if: |. OCLC {{{oclc}}} }}{{#if: |. {{{id}}} }}{{#if: |. Retrieved on [[{{{accessdate}}}]]{{#if: | , [[{{{accessyear}}}]] }} }}{{#if: | Retrieved on {{{accessmonthday}}}, {{{accessyear}}} }}{{#if: | Retrieved on {{{accessdaymonth}}} {{{accessyear}}} }}{{#if: |. [{{{laysummary}}} Lay summary]{{#if: | – {{{laysource}}}}} }}{{#if: | ([[{{{laydate}}}]]) }}.{{#if: | “{{{quote}}}” }}
  9. ↑ {{#if:Gramlich T, Kleiner DE, McCullough AJ, Matteoni CA, Boparai N, Younossi ZM |{{#if: |[[{{{authorlink}}}|{{#if: |{{{last}}}{{#if: |, {{{first}}} }} |Gramlich T, Kleiner DE, McCullough AJ, Matteoni CA, Boparai N, Younossi ZM }}]] |{{#if: |{{{last}}}{{#if: |, {{{first}}} }} |Gramlich T, Kleiner DE, McCullough AJ, Matteoni CA, Boparai N, Younossi ZM }} }} }}{{#if:Gramlich T, Kleiner DE, McCullough AJ, Matteoni CA, Boparai N, Younossi ZM |{{#if: | ; {{{coauthors}}} }} }}{{#if: | ({{{date}}}) |{{#if:2004 |{{#if: | ({{{month}}} 2004) | (2004) }} }} }}{{#if:Gramlich T, Kleiner DE, McCullough AJ, Matteoni CA, Boparai N, Younossi ZM | . }}{{#if:Gramlich T, Kleiner DE, McCullough AJ, Matteoni CA, Boparai N, Younossi ZM2004 | }}{{#ifeq: | no | | {{#if: |“|"}} }}{{#if: |[{{{url}}} Pathologic features associated with fibrosis in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease] |Pathologic features associated with fibrosis in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease }}{{#ifeq: | no | | {{#if:|”|"}} }}{{#if: | (in {{{language}}}) }}{{#if: | ({{{format}}}) }}{{#if:Hum. Pathol. |. Hum. Pathol. }}{{#if:35 | 35 }}{{#if:2 | (2) }}{{#if:196-9 |: 196-9 }}{{#if: |. {{#if: |{{{location}}}: }}{{{publisher}}} }}{{#if: |. doi:[5] }}{{#if: |. ISSN {{{issn}}} }}{{#if:14991537 |. PMID 14991537 }}{{#if: |. Bibcode: {{{bibcode}}} }}{{#if: |. OCLC {{{oclc}}} }}{{#if: |. {{{id}}} }}{{#if: |. Retrieved on [[{{{accessdate}}}]]{{#if: | , [[{{{accessyear}}}]] }} }}{{#if: | Retrieved on {{{accessmonthday}}}, {{{accessyear}}} }}{{#if: | Retrieved on {{{accessdaymonth}}} {{{accessyear}}} }}{{#if: |. [{{{laysummary}}} Lay summary]{{#if: | – {{{laysource}}}}} }}{{#if: | ([[{{{laydate}}}]]) }}.{{#if: | “{{{quote}}}” }}
  10. ↑ {{#if:Zafrani ES |{{#if: |[[{{{authorlink}}}|{{#if: |{{{last}}}{{#if: |, {{{first}}} }} |Zafrani ES }}]] |{{#if: |{{{last}}}{{#if: |, {{{first}}} }} |Zafrani ES }} }} }}{{#if:Zafrani ES |{{#if: | ; {{{coauthors}}} }} }}{{#if: | ({{{date}}}) |{{#if:2004 |{{#if: | ({{{month}}} 2004) | (2004) }} }} }}{{#if:Zafrani ES | . }}{{#if:Zafrani ES2004 | }}{{#ifeq: | no | | {{#if: |“|"}} }}{{#if: |[{{{url}}} Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: an emerging pathological spectrum] |Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: an emerging pathological spectrum }}{{#ifeq: | no | | {{#if:|”|"}} }}{{#if: | (in {{{language}}}) }}{{#if: | ({{{format}}}) }}{{#if:Virchows Arch. |. Virchows Arch. }}{{#if:444 | 444 }}{{#if:1 | (1) }}{{#if:3-12 |: 3-12 }}{{#if: |. {{#if: |{{{location}}}: }}{{{publisher}}} }}{{#if:10.1007/s00428-003-0943-7 |. doi:10.1007/s00428-003-0943-7 }}{{#if: |. ISSN {{{issn}}} }}{{#if:14685853 |. PMID 14685853 }}{{#if: |. Bibcode: {{{bibcode}}} }}{{#if: |. OCLC {{{oclc}}} }}{{#if: |. {{{id}}} }}{{#if: |. Retrieved on [[{{{accessdate}}}]]{{#if: | , [[{{{accessyear}}}]] }} }}{{#if: | Retrieved on {{{accessmonthday}}}, {{{accessyear}}} }}{{#if: | Retrieved on {{{accessdaymonth}}} {{{accessyear}}} }}{{#if: |. [{{{laysummary}}} Lay summary]{{#if: | – {{{laysource}}}}} }}{{#if: | ([[{{{laydate}}}]]) }}.{{#if: | “{{{quote}}}” }}
  11. ↑ {{#if:Adams LA, Angulo P, Lindor KD |{{#if: |[[{{{authorlink}}}|{{#if: |{{{last}}}{{#if: |, {{{first}}} }} |Adams LA, Angulo P, Lindor KD }}]] |{{#if: |{{{last}}}{{#if: |, {{{first}}} }} |Adams LA, Angulo P, Lindor KD }} }} }}{{#if:Adams LA, Angulo P, Lindor KD |{{#if: | ; {{{coauthors}}} }} }}{{#if: | ({{{date}}}) |{{#if:2005 |{{#if: | ({{{month}}} 2005) | (2005) }} }} }}{{#if:Adams LA, Angulo P, Lindor KD | . }}{{#if:Adams LA, Angulo P, Lindor KD2005 | }}{{#ifeq: | no | | {{#if: |“|"}} }}{{#if: |[{{{url}}} Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease] |Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease }}{{#ifeq: | no | | {{#if:|”|"}} }}{{#if: | (in {{{language}}}) }}{{#if: | ({{{format}}}) }}{{#if:CMAJ : Canadian Medical Association journal = journal de l'Association medicale canadienne |. CMAJ : Canadian Medical Association journal = journal de l'Association medicale canadienne }}{{#if:172 | 172 }}{{#if:7 | (7) }}{{#if:899-905 |: 899-905 }}{{#if: |. {{#if: |{{{location}}}: }}{{{publisher}}} }}{{#if:10.1503/cmaj.045232 |. doi:10.1503/cmaj.045232 }}{{#if: |. ISSN {{{issn}}} }}{{#if:15795412 |. PMID 15795412 }}{{#if: |. Bibcode: {{{bibcode}}} }}{{#if: |. OCLC {{{oclc}}} }}{{#if: |. {{{id}}} }}{{#if: |. Retrieved on [[{{{accessdate}}}]]{{#if: | , [[{{{accessyear}}}]] }} }}{{#if: | Retrieved on {{{accessmonthday}}}, {{{accessyear}}} }}{{#if: | Retrieved on {{{accessdaymonth}}} {{{accessyear}}} }}{{#if: |. [{{{laysummary}}} Lay summary]{{#if: | – {{{laysource}}}}} }}{{#if: | ([[{{{laydate}}}]]) }}.{{#if: | “{{{quote}}}” }}
  12. ↑ {{ #if: Sleisenger | {{ #if: | [[{{{authorlink}}}|{{ #if: Sleisenger | Sleisenger{{ #if: Marvin | , Marvin }} | {{{author}}} }}]] | {{ #if: Sleisenger | Sleisenger{{ #if: Marvin | , Marvin }} | {{{author}}} }} }} }}{{ #if: Sleisenger | {{ #if: | ; {{{coauthors}}} }} }}{{ #if: | [{{{origdate}}}] | {{ #if: | {{ #if: | [{{{origmonth}}} {{{origyear}}}] | [{{{origyear}}}] }} }} }}{{ #if: | ({{{date}}}) | {{ #if: 2006 | {{ #if: | ({{{month}}} 2006) | (2006) }} }} }}{{ #if: Sleisenger | . }}{{ #if: | "{{ #if: | [{{{chapterurl}}} {{{chapter}}}] | {{{chapter}}} }}",}}{{ #if: | in {{{editor}}}: }} {{ #if: | [{{{url}}} Sleisenger and Fordtran's Gastrointestinal and Liver Disease] | Sleisenger and Fordtran's Gastrointestinal and Liver Disease }}{{ #if: | ({{{format}}}) }}{{ #if: | , {{{others}}} }}{{ #if: | , {{{edition}}} }}{{ #if: | , {{{series}}} }}{{ #if: | (in {{{language}}}) }}{{ #if: W.B. Saunders Company | {{#if: | , | . }}{{ #if: Philadelphia | Philadelphia: }}W.B. Saunders Company }}{{ #if: | , {{{page}}} }}{{ #if: | . DOI:{{{doi}}} }}{{ #if: | . {{{id}}} }}{{ #if: 1416002456 | . ISBN 1416002456 }}{{ #if: | . OCLC {{{oclc}}} }}{{ #if: | {{ #if: | . Retrieved on [[{{{accessdate}}}]] | {{ #if: | . Retrieved {{ #if: | on [[{{{accessmonth}}} {{{accessyear}}}]] | during [[{{{accessyear}}}]] }}}} }} }}.{{ #if: |  “{{{quote}}}” }} 
  13. ↑ {{#if:Qian Y, Fan JG |{{#if: |[[{{{authorlink}}}|{{#if: |{{{last}}}{{#if: |, {{{first}}} }} |Qian Y, Fan JG }}]] |{{#if: |{{{last}}}{{#if: |, {{{first}}} }} |Qian Y, Fan JG }} }} }}{{#if:Qian Y, Fan JG |{{#if: | ; {{{coauthors}}} }} }}{{#if: | ({{{date}}}) |{{#if:2005 |{{#if: | ({{{month}}} 2005) | (2005) }} }} }}{{#if:Qian Y, Fan JG | . }}{{#if:Qian Y, Fan JG2005 | }}{{#ifeq: | no | | {{#if: |“|"}} }}{{#if: |[{{{url}}} Obesity, fatty liver and liver cancer] |Obesity, fatty liver and liver cancer }}{{#ifeq: | no | | {{#if:|”|"}} }}{{#if: | (in {{{language}}}) }}{{#if: | ({{{format}}}) }}{{#if:HBPD INT |. HBPD INT }}{{#if:4 | 4 }}{{#if:2 | (2) }}{{#if:173-7 |: 173-7 }}{{#if: |. {{#if: |{{{location}}}: }}{{{publisher}}} }}{{#if: |. doi:[6] }}{{#if: |. ISSN {{{issn}}} }}{{#if:15908310 |. PMID 15908310 }}{{#if: |. Bibcode: {{{bibcode}}} }}{{#if: |. OCLC {{{oclc}}} }}{{#if: |. {{{id}}} }}{{#if: |. Retrieved on [[{{{accessdate}}}]]{{#if: | , [[{{{accessyear}}}]] }} }}{{#if: | Retrieved on {{{accessmonthday}}}, {{{accessyear}}} }}{{#if: | Retrieved on {{{accessdaymonth}}} {{{accessyear}}} }}{{#if: |. [{{{laysummary}}} Lay summary]{{#if: | – {{{laysource}}}}} }}{{#if: | ([[{{{laydate}}}]]) }}.{{#if: | “{{{quote}}}” }}
  14. ↑ {{#if:Hamaguchi M, Kojima T, Takeda N, Nakagawa T, Taniguchi H, Fujii K, Omatsu T, Nakajima T, Sarui H, Shimazaki M, Kato T, Okuda J, Ida K |{{#if: |[[{{{authorlink}}}|{{#if: |{{{last}}}{{#if: |, {{{first}}} }} |Hamaguchi M, Kojima T, Takeda N, Nakagawa T, Taniguchi H, Fujii K, Omatsu T, Nakajima T, Sarui H, Shimazaki M, Kato T, Okuda J, Ida K }}]] |{{#if: |{{{last}}}{{#if: |, {{{first}}} }} |Hamaguchi M, Kojima T, Takeda N, Nakagawa T, Taniguchi H, Fujii K, Omatsu T, Nakajima T, Sarui H, Shimazaki M, Kato T, Okuda J, Ida K }} }} }}{{#if:Hamaguchi M, Kojima T, Takeda N, Nakagawa T, Taniguchi H, Fujii K, Omatsu T, Nakajima T, Sarui H, Shimazaki M, Kato T, Okuda J, Ida K |{{#if: | ; {{{coauthors}}} }} }}{{#if: | ({{{date}}}) |{{#if:2005 |{{#if: | ({{{month}}} 2005) | (2005) }} }} }}{{#if:Hamaguchi M, Kojima T, Takeda N, Nakagawa T, Taniguchi H, Fujii K, Omatsu T, Nakajima T, Sarui H, Shimazaki M, Kato T, Okuda J, Ida K | . }}{{#if:Hamaguchi M, Kojima T, Takeda N, Nakagawa T, Taniguchi H, Fujii K, Omatsu T, Nakajima T, Sarui H, Shimazaki M, Kato T, Okuda J, Ida K2005 | }}{{#ifeq: | no | | {{#if: |“|"}} }}{{#if: |[{{{url}}} The metabolic syndrome as a predictor of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease] |The metabolic syndrome as a predictor of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease }}{{#ifeq: | no | | {{#if:|”|"}} }}{{#if: | (in {{{language}}}) }}{{#if: | ({{{format}}}) }}{{#if:Ann. Intern. Med. |. Ann. Intern. Med. }}{{#if:143 | 143 }}{{#if:10 | (10) }}{{#if:722-8 |: 722-8 }}{{#if: |. {{#if: |{{{location}}}: }}{{{publisher}}} }}{{#if: |. doi:[7] }}{{#if: |. ISSN {{{issn}}} }}{{#if:16287793 |. PMID 16287793 }}{{#if: |. Bibcode: {{{bibcode}}} }}{{#if: |. OCLC {{{oclc}}} }}{{#if: |. {{{id}}} }}{{#if: |. Retrieved on [[{{{accessdate}}}]]{{#if: | , [[{{{accessyear}}}]] }} }}{{#if: | Retrieved on {{{accessmonthday}}}, {{{accessyear}}} }}{{#if: | Retrieved on {{{accessdaymonth}}} {{{accessyear}}} }}{{#if: |. [{{{laysummary}}} Lay summary]{{#if: | – {{{laysource}}}}} }}{{#if: | ([[{{{laydate}}}]]) }}.{{#if: | “{{{quote}}}” }}

External links

{{#if:|}}{{#if:Esophagitis - GERD - Achalasia - Boerhaave syndrome - Nutcracker esophagus - Zenker's diverticulum - Mallory-Weiss syndrome - Barrett's esophagus|{{#if:|{{#ifeq:{{#if:EsophagusStomach/
duodenumHerniaNoninfective enteritis and colitisOther intestinalLiver/hepatitisAccessory digestiveOther/general|false|true}}|true|}}}}{{#if:Esophagus|}}{{#if:|}}}}{{#if:Peptic (gastric/duodenal) ulcer - Gastritis - Gastroenteritis - Duodenitis - Dyspepsia - Pyloric stenosis - Achlorhydria - Gastroparesis - Gastroptosis - Portal hypertensive gastropathy|{{#if:Stomach/
duodenum|}}}}{{#if:Inguinal (Indirect, Direct) - Femoral - Umbilical - Incisional - Diaphragmatic - Hiatus|{{#if:Hernia|}}}}{{#if:IBD (Crohn's, Ulcerative colitis) - noninfective gastroenteritis|{{#if:Noninfective enteritis and colitis|}}}}{{#if:vascular (Abdominal angina, Mesenteric ischemia, Ischemic colitis, Angiodysplasia) - Ileus/Bowel obstruction (Intussusception, Volvulus) - Diverticulitis/Diverticulosis - IBS
other functional intestinal disorders (Constipation, Diarrhea, Megacolon/Toxic megacolon, Proctalgia fugax) - Anal fissure/Anal fistula - Anal abscess - Rectal prolapse - Proctitis (Radiation proctitis)|{{#if:Other intestinal|}}}}{{#if:Alcoholic liver disease - Liver failure (Acute liver failure) - Cirrhosis - PBC - NASH - Fatty liver - Peliosis hepatis - Portal hypertension - Hepatorenal syndrome|{{#if:Liver/hepatitis|}}}}{{#if:Gallbladder (Gallstones, Choledocholithiasis, Cholecystitis, Cholesterolosis, Rokitansky-Aschoff sinuses)

Biliary tree (Cholangitis, Cholestasis/Mirizzi's syndrome, PSC, Biliary fistula, Ascending cholangitis)

Pancreas (Acute pancreatitis, Chronic pancreatitis, Pancreatic pseudocyst, Hereditary pancreatitis)|{{#if:Accessory digestive|}}}}{{#if:Appendicitis - Peritonitis (Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis) Malabsorption (celiac, Tropical sprue, Blind loop syndrome, Whipple's) postprocedural:Gastric dumping syndrome - Postcholecystectomy syndromebleeding:Hematemesis - Melena - Gastrointestinal bleeding (Upper, Lower)|{{#if:Other/general|}}}}{{#if:See also congenital|{{#if:|}}}}{{#if:|{{#if:|}}}}{{#if:|{{#if:|}}}}{{#if:|{{#if:|}}}}{{#if:|{{#if:|}}}}{{#if:|{{#if:|}}}}{{#if:|{{#if:|}}}}{{#if:|{{#if:|}}}}{{#if:|{{#if:|}}}}{{#if:|{{#if:|}}}}{{#if:|{{#if:|}}}}{{#if:|{{#if:|}}}}{{#if:|}}
{{#ifeq:|plain||{{#if:| |
}}{{#ifeq:1|1||This box: }}{{#ifeq:|1|{{#if:|view|v}}|{{#if:1|v|view}} • {{#if:1|d|talk}} • {{#if:1|e|edit}}}}{{#if:|</span> |
}} }}
Digestive system - Gastroenterology (primarily K20-K93, 530-579)
EsophagusEsophagitis - GERD - Achalasia - Boerhaave syndrome - Nutcracker esophagus - Zenker's diverticulum - Mallory-Weiss syndrome - Barrett's esophagus
Stomach/
duodenum		Peptic (gastric/duodenal) ulcer - Gastritis - Gastroenteritis - Duodenitis - Dyspepsia - Pyloric stenosis - Achlorhydria - Gastroparesis - Gastroptosis - Portal hypertensive gastropathy
HerniaInguinal (Indirect, Direct) - Femoral - Umbilical - Incisional - Diaphragmatic - Hiatus
Noninfective enteritis and colitisIBD (Crohn's, Ulcerative colitis) - noninfective gastroenteritis
Other intestinalvascular (Abdominal angina, Mesenteric ischemia, Ischemic colitis, Angiodysplasia) - Ileus/Bowel obstruction (Intussusception, Volvulus) - Diverticulitis/Diverticulosis - IBS
other functional intestinal disorders (Constipation, Diarrhea, Megacolon/Toxic megacolon, Proctalgia fugax) - Anal fissure/Anal fistula - Anal abscess - Rectal prolapse - Proctitis (Radiation proctitis)
Liver/hepatitisAlcoholic liver disease - Liver failure (Acute liver failure) - Cirrhosis - PBC - NASH - Fatty liver - Peliosis hepatis - Portal hypertension - Hepatorenal syndrome
Accessory digestiveGallbladder (Gallstones, Choledocholithiasis, Cholecystitis, Cholesterolosis, Rokitansky-Aschoff sinuses)

Biliary tree (Cholangitis, Cholestasis/Mirizzi's syndrome, PSC, Biliary fistula, Ascending cholangitis)

Pancreas (Acute pancreatitis, Chronic pancreatitis, Pancreatic pseudocyst, Hereditary pancreatitis)
Other/generalAppendicitis - Peritonitis (Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis)

Malabsorption (celiac, Tropical sprue, Blind loop syndrome, Whipple's)

postprocedural: Gastric dumping syndrome - Postcholecystectomy syndrome

bleeding: Hematemesis - Melena - Gastrointestinal bleeding (Upper, Lower)
See also congenital
]]de:Fettleber

it:Steatosi epatica ja:脂肪肝 pl:Alkoholowe stłuszczenie wątroby fr:Stéatose hépatique fi:Rasvamaksa

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