Helicobacter

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{{#if:| {{#if:| {{#if:| {{#if:| {{#if:| {{#if:| {{#if:| {{#if:| {{#if:| {{#if:| {{#if:| {{#if:| {{#if:| {{#if:| {{#if:| {{#if:| {{#if:H. acinonychis
H. anseris
H. aurati
H. bilis
H. bizzozeronii
H. brantae
H. canadensis
H. canis
H. cholecystus
H. cinaedi
H. cynogastricus
H. felis
H. fennelliae
H. ganmani
H. hepaticus
H. mesocricetorum
H. marmotae
H. muridarum
H. mustelae
H. pametensis
H. pullorum
H. pylori
H. rappini
H. rodentium
H. salomonis
H. trogontum
H. typhlonius
H. winghamensis| {{#if:|
Helicobacter{{#if: |
Fossil range: {{{fossil_range}}}}}
Image:Helicobacter sp 01.jpg
Scanning electron micrograph of Helicobacter bacteria.
}} {{#if:|[[image:{{{image2}}}|frameless|]]
}}
Conservation status
{{#if:|
{{#switch:{{{status}}}
se|SECURE|Secure|secure=Secure dom|DOMESTICATED|Domesticated|domesticated=Domesticated {{#ifeq: | | | }} dd=Data deficient ne=Not evaluated nr=Not recognized lr=Image:Status iucn2.3 blank.svg
Lower risk {{#ifeq: | | | }} 		lc=Image:Status iucn3.1 LC.svg
Least Concern {{#ifeq: | | | }} 		lr/lc|LR/LC=Image:Status iucn2.3 LC.svg
Least Concern {{#ifeq: | | | }} 		nt=Image:Status iucn3.1 NT.svg
Near Threatened {{#ifeq: | | | }} 		lr/nt=Image:Status iucn2.3 NT.svg
Near Threatened {{#ifeq: | | | }} 		lr/cd=Image:Status iucn2.3 CD.svg
Conservation Dependent 		cd=Image:Status EPBC CD.svg
Conservation Dependent 		vu=Image:Status iucn3.1 VU.svg
Vulnerable {{#ifeq: | | | }} 		en=Image:Status iucn3.1 EN.svg
Endangered {{#ifeq: | | | }} 		cr=Image:Status iucn3.1 CR.svg
Critically endangered {{#ifeq: | | | }} 		pe=Image:Status none PE.svg
Critically endangered, possibly extinct {{#ifeq: | | | }} 		pew=Image:Status none PEW.svg
Critically endangered, possibly extinct in the wild {{#ifeq: | | | }} 		ew=Image:Status iucn3.1 EW.svg
Extinct in the wild {{#ifeq: | | | }} 		ex=Image:Status none EX.svg
Extinct {{#if:| ({{{extinct}}}) }} {{#ifeq: | | | }} 		GX=Image:Status TNC GX.svg
Presumed Extinct {{#if:| ({{{extinct}}}) }} 		GH=Image:Status TNC GH.svg
Possibly Extinct 		G1=Image:Status TNC G1.svg
Critically Imperiled 		G2=Image:Status TNC G2.svg
Imperiled 		G3=Image:Status TNC G3.svg
Vulnerable 		G4=Image:Status TNC G4.svg
Apparently Secure 		G5=Image:Status TNC G5.svg
Secure 		GU=Image:Status TNC blank.svg
Unrankable 		TX=Image:Status TNC TX.svg
Presumed Extinct {{#if:| ({{{extinct}}}) }} 		TH=Image:Status TNC TH.svg
Possibly Extinct 		T1=Image:Status TNC T1.svg
Critically Imperiled 		T2=Image:Status TNC T2.svg
Imperiled 		T3=Image:Status TNC T3.svg
Vulnerable 		T4=Image:Status TNC T4.svg
Apparently Secure 		T5=Image:Status TNC T5.svg
Secure 		TU=Image:Status TNC T blank.svg
Unrankable 		Delisted=Image:Status EPBC DL.svg
Delisted 		CITES_A1=Appendix I
Threatened with extinction 		CITES_A2=Appendix II CITES_A3=Appendix III LE=Image:Status ESA LE.svg
Endangered 		LT=Image:Status ESA LT.svg
Threatened 		X=Image:Status COSEWIC X.svg
{{#ifeq: {{{status_system}}} | DECF | Declared Rare — Presumed Extinct | Extinct }} {{#if:| ({{{extinct}}}) }} 		XT=Image:Status COSEWIC XT.svg
Extripated (Canada) 		E=Image:Status COSEWIC E.svg
Endangered 		T=Image:Status COSEWIC T.svg
Threatened 		SC=Image:Status COSEWIC SC.svg
Special Concern 		NAR=Image:Status COSEWIC NAR.svg
Not at risk 		R=Image:Status DECF R.svg
Declared rare 		P1=Image:Status DECF P1.svg
Priority One — Poorly Known Taxa 		P2=Image:Status DECF P2.svg
Priority Two — Poorly Known Taxa 		P3=Image:Status DECF P3.svg
Priority Three — Poorly Known Taxa 		P4=Image:Status DECF P4.svg
Priority Four — Rare Taxa 		NC=Image:Status NZTCS NC.svg
Nationally Critical 		NE=Image:Status NZTCS NE.svg
Nationally Endangered 		NV=Image:Status NZTCS NV.svg
Nationally Vulnerable 		SD=Image:Status NZTCS SD.svg
Serious Decline 		GD=Image:Status NZTCS GD.svg
Gradual Decline 		SP=Image:Status NZTCS SP.svg
Sparse 		RR=Image:Status NZTCS RR.svg
Range Restricted 		Fossil|fossil=Extinct (fossil) pre=Prehistoric Text|TEXT=See text {{{status}}}

}} {{#if:

(See text) {{#switch: iucn2.3=(IUCN) iucn3.1=(IUCN) EPBC=(EPBC Act) TNC=(TNC) ESA=(ESA) COSEWIC=(COSEWIC) DECF=(DEC) NZTCS=(NZ TCS) ({{{status_system}}})}} }} }} {{#if:|}} }}

}}

{{#if:|Virus classification|Scientific classification}}
{{#if:| {{#if:| {{#if:| {{#if:| {{#if:| {{#if:Bacteria| {{#if:| {{#if:| {{#if:| {{#if:| {{#if:| {{#if:Proteobacteria| {{#if:| {{#if:| {{#if:| {{#if:| {{#if:| {{#if:| {{#if:| {{#if:Epsilon Proteobacteria| {{#if:| {{#if:| {{#if:| {{#if:| {{#if:| {{#if:Campylobacterales| {{#if:| {{#if:| {{#if:| {{#if:| {{#if:| {{#if:| {{#if:| {{#if:| {{#if:Helicobacteraceae| {{#if:| {{#if:| {{#if:| {{#if:| {{#if:| {{#if:Helicobacter| {{#if:| {{#if:| {{#if:| {{#if:| {{#if:| {{#if:| {{#if:| {{#if:| {{#if:| {{#if:| {{#if:|
Group: {{#switch:{{{virus_group}}} i=Group I (dsDNA) ii=Group II (ssDNA) iii=Group III (dsRNA) iv=Group IV ((+)ssRNA) v=Group V ((-)ssRNA) vi=Group VI (ssRNA-RT) vii=Group VII (dsDNA-RT) {{{virus_group}}}

}}}}

Superdomain: {{{superdomain}}}
}}
Domain: {{{domain}}}
}}
(unranked) {{{unranked_regnum}}}
}}
Superkingdom: {{{superregnum}}}
}}
Kingdom: Bacteria
}}
Subkingdom: {{{subregnum}}}
}}
(unranked) {{{unranked_phylum}}}
}}
Superdivision: {{{superdivisio}}}
}}
Superphylum: {{{superphylum}}}
}}
Division: {{{divisio}}}
}}
Phylum: Proteobacteria
}}
Subdivision: {{{subdivisio}}}
}}
Subphylum: {{{subphylum}}}
}}
Infraphylum: {{{infraphylum}}}
}}
Microphylum: {{{microphylum}}}
}}
Nanophylum: {{{nanophylum}}}
}}
(unranked) {{{unranked_classis}}}
}}
Superclass: {{{superclassis}}}
}}
Class: Epsilon Proteobacteria
}}
Subclass: {{{subclassis}}}
}}
Infraclass: {{{infraclassis}}}
}}
(unranked) {{{unranked_ordo}}}
}}
Magnorder: {{{magnordo}}}
}}
Superorder: {{{superordo}}}
}}
Order: Campylobacterales
}}
Suborder: {{{subordo}}}
}}
Infraorder: {{{infraordo}}}
}}
Parvorder: {{{parvordo}}}
}}
Division: {{{zoodivisio}}}
}}
Section: {{{zoosectio}}}
}}
Subsection: {{{zoosubsectio}}}
}}
(unranked) {{{unranked_familia}}}
}}
Superfamily: {{{superfamilia}}}
}}
Family: Helicobacteraceae
}}
Subfamily: {{{subfamilia}}}
}}
Supertribe: {{{supertribus}}}
}}
Tribe: {{{tribus}}}
}}
Subtribe: {{{subtribus}}}
}}
Alliance: {{{alliance}}}
}}
Genus: Helicobacter
Goodwin et al. 1989}}
Genus: {{{genus2}}}
}}
Subgenus: {{{subgenus}}}
}}
Section: {{{sectio}}}
}}
Series: {{{series}}}
}}
Subseries: {{{subseries}}}
}}
Species group: {{{species_group}}}
}}
Species subgroup: {{{species_subgroup}}}
}}
Species complex: {{{species_complex}}}
}}
Species: {{{species}}}
}}
Subspecies: {{{subspecies}}}
}}
Variety: {{{variety}}}
}}
[[{{{diversity_link}}}|Diversity]] {{#ifeq: | | | }}
}}
Binomial name
{{{binomial}}}
}}
Trinomial name
{{{trinomial}}}
}}
Type genus
{{{type_genus}}}
}}
Type species
{{{type_species}}}
}}

{{#if:|

Type strain
{{{type_strain}}}}}
[[image:{{{range_map}}}|frameless|]]
}}
{{{binomial2}}}
}}
{{{trinomial2}}}
}}
[[image:{{{range_map2}}}|frameless|]]
}}
{{{binomial3}}}
}}
{{{trinomial3}}}
}}
[[image:{{{range_map3}}}|frameless|]]
}}
{{{binomial4}}}
}}
{{{trinomial4}}}
}}
[[image:{{{range_map4}}}|frameless|]]
}}
Species

H. acinonychis
H. anseris
H. aurati
H. bilis
H. bizzozeronii
H. brantae
H. canadensis
H. canis
H. cholecystus
H. cinaedi
H. cynogastricus
H. felis
H. fennelliae
H. ganmani
H. hepaticus
H. mesocricetorum
H. marmotae
H. muridarum
H. mustelae
H. pametensis
H. pullorum
H. pylori
H. rappini
H. rodentium
H. salomonis
H. trogontum
H. typhlonius
H. winghamensis }}

Synonyms 
}}

Helicobacter is a genus of Gram-negative bacteria possessing a characteristic helix shape. They were initially considered to be members of the Campylobacter genus, but since 1989 they have been grouped in their own genus.[1][2]

Some species have been found living in the lining of the upper gastrointestinal tract, as well as the liver of mammals and some birds.[3]. The most widely known species of the genus is H. pylori. Some strains of this bacterium are pathogenic to humans as it is strongly associated with peptic ulcers, chronic gastritis, duodenitis, and stomach cancer. It also serves as the type species of the genus.

Helicobacter spp. are able to thrive in the very acidic mammalian stomach by producing large quantities of the enzyme urease, which locally raises the pH from ~2 to a more biocompatible range of 6 to 7.[4] Bacteria belonging to this genus are usually susceptible to antibiotics such as penicillin, are microaerophilic (require small amounts of oxygen), and are fast-moving with their flagella.[5]

Contents

Helicobacter Facts.[6]

Curved cells discovered in 1979 in stomach biopsied specimens.

Causes 90% of stomach & duodenal ulcers.

People with type O blood have a 1.5-2X higher rate of ulcers.

Produces large amounts of urease.

Infection common especially in lower socioeconomic class/developing nations.

Humans primary reservoir.

Person-to-person spread via fecal-oral route.

Ubiquitous, no seasonal incidence.

Gastric and Lymphoid Cancers

In 1994, the World Health Organization’s International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) classified H. pylori as a Group 1 carcinogen. This decision was based on the results of numerous studies that confirmed the association between H. pylori infection and gastric adenocarcinoma. H. pylori infection also significantly increases the risk of gastric lymphoma of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) (Suerbaum, 2002).

Diagnosis

H. pylori infection can be confirmed by invasive or noninvasive methods. Invasive tests require upper esophagogastroduodenal (EGD) endoscopy, which is considered the reference method of diagnosis. During endoscopy, biopsy specimens of the stomach and duodenum are obtained, and the diagnosis of H. pylori can be made by urease testing, histology and/or culture. If possible, noninvasive testing is done before tissue testing.

H. pylori stool antigen (HpSA) testing is based on monoclonal antibody immunochromatography of stool samples. This testing method identifies active infection and can be used to detect eradication after treatment. A sensitivity and specificity range of 92–98% is reported in the literature for stool antigen testing.

Serological assays (blood serum) measure specific H. pylori immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies that can determine if an individual has been infected. The sensitivity and specificity of these assays range from 80–95%, depending on the assay used. Serological testing has been the mainstay of H. pylori diagnosis, particularly in primary care, due to the accessibility, rapid results and low cost of this testing method.

Urease test, Urease Breath Test (UBT) (positive in as little as 2 hours) [7]

Treatment

Therapy with tetracycline, metronidazole, azithromycine, bismuth (Peptobismol).

References

  1. ↑ {{#if:Goodwin CS, Armstrong JA, Chilvers T, et al |{{#if: |[[{{{authorlink}}}|{{#if: |{{{last}}}{{#if: |, {{{first}}} }} |Goodwin CS, Armstrong JA, Chilvers T, et al }}]] |{{#if: |{{{last}}}{{#if: |, {{{first}}} }} |Goodwin CS, Armstrong JA, Chilvers T, et al }} }} }}{{#if:Goodwin CS, Armstrong JA, Chilvers T, et al |{{#if: | ; {{{coauthors}}} }} }}{{#if: | ({{{date}}}) |{{#if:1989 |{{#if: | ({{{month}}} 1989) | (1989) }} }} }}{{#if:Goodwin CS, Armstrong JA, Chilvers T, et al | . }}{{#if:Goodwin CS, Armstrong JA, Chilvers T, et al1989 | }}{{#ifeq: | no | | {{#if: |“|"}} }}{{#if: |[ Transfer of Campylobacter pylori and Campylobacter mustelae to Helicobacter gen. nov. as Helicobacter pylori comb. nov. and Helicobacter mustelae comb. nov., respectively.] |Transfer of Campylobacter pylori and Campylobacter mustelae to Helicobacter gen. nov. as Helicobacter pylori comb. nov. and Helicobacter mustelae comb. nov., respectively. }}{{#ifeq: | no | | {{#if:|”|"}} }}{{#if: | (in {{{language}}}) }}{{#if: | ({{{format}}}) }}{{#if:Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. |. Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. }}{{#if:39 | 39 }}{{#if: | () }}{{#if:397–405 |: 397–405 }}{{#if: |. {{#if: |{{{location}}}: }}{{{publisher}}} }}{{#if: |. doi:{{{doi}}} }}{{#if: |. ISSN {{{issn}}} }}{{#if: |. PMID {{{pmid}}} }}{{#if: |. Bibcode: {{{bibcode}}} }}{{#if: |. OCLC {{{oclc}}} }}{{#if: |. {{{id}}} }}{{#if: |. Retrieved on [[{{{accessdate}}}]]{{#if: | , [[{{{accessyear}}}]] }} }}{{#if: | Retrieved on {{{accessmonthday}}}, {{{accessyear}}} }}{{#if: | Retrieved on {{{accessdaymonth}}} {{{accessyear}}} }}{{#if: |. [{{{laysummary}}} Lay summary]{{#if: | – {{{laysource}}}}} }}{{#if: | ([[{{{laydate}}}]]) }}.{{#if: | “{{{quote}}}” }}
  2. ↑ {{#if:Vandamme P, Falsen E, Rossaq R, et al |{{#if: |[[{{{authorlink}}}|{{#if: |{{{last}}}{{#if: |, {{{first}}} }} |Vandamme P, Falsen E, Rossaq R, et al }}]] |{{#if: |{{{last}}}{{#if: |, {{{first}}} }} |Vandamme P, Falsen E, Rossaq R, et al }} }} }}{{#if:Vandamme P, Falsen E, Rossaq R, et al |{{#if: | ; {{{coauthors}}} }} }}{{#if: | ({{{date}}}) |{{#if:1991 |{{#if: | ({{{month}}} 1991) | (1991) }} }} }}{{#if:Vandamme P, Falsen E, Rossaq R, et al | . }}{{#if:Vandamme P, Falsen E, Rossaq R, et al1991 | }}{{#ifeq: | no | | {{#if: |“|"}} }}{{#if:http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=1704793&dopt=Citation |Revision of Campylobacter, Helicobacter, and Wolinella taxonomy: emendation of generic descriptions and proposal of Arcobacter gen. nov. |Revision of Campylobacter, Helicobacter, and Wolinella taxonomy: emendation of generic descriptions and proposal of Arcobacter gen. nov. }}{{#ifeq: | no | | {{#if:|”|"}} }}{{#if: | (in {{{language}}}) }}{{#if: | ({{{format}}}) }}{{#if:Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. |. Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. }}{{#if:41 | 41 }}{{#if: | () }}{{#if:88–103 |: 88–103 }}{{#if: |. {{#if: |{{{location}}}: }}{{{publisher}}} }}{{#if: |. doi:{{{doi}}} }}{{#if: |. ISSN {{{issn}}} }}{{#if: |. PMID {{{pmid}}} }}{{#if: |. Bibcode: {{{bibcode}}} }}{{#if: |. OCLC {{{oclc}}} }}{{#if: |. {{{id}}} }}{{#if: |. Retrieved on [[{{{accessdate}}}]]{{#if: | , [[{{{accessyear}}}]] }} }}{{#if: | Retrieved on {{{accessmonthday}}}, {{{accessyear}}} }}{{#if: | Retrieved on {{{accessdaymonth}}} {{{accessyear}}} }}{{#if: |. [{{{laysummary}}} Lay summary]{{#if: | – {{{laysource}}}}} }}{{#if: | ([[{{{laydate}}}]]) }}.{{#if: | “{{{quote}}}” }}
  3. ↑ {{ #if: Ryan KJ, Ray CG (editors) | {{ #if: | [[{{{authorlink}}}|{{ #if: | {{{last}}}{{ #if: | , {{{first}}} }} | Ryan KJ, Ray CG (editors) }}]] | {{ #if: | {{{last}}}{{ #if: | , {{{first}}} }} | Ryan KJ, Ray CG (editors) }} }} }}{{ #if: Ryan KJ, Ray CG (editors) | {{ #if: | ; {{{coauthors}}} }} }}{{ #if: | [{{{origdate}}}] | {{ #if: | {{ #if: | [{{{origmonth}}} {{{origyear}}}] | [{{{origyear}}}] }} }} }}{{ #if: | ({{{date}}}) | {{ #if: 2004 | {{ #if: | ({{{month}}} 2004) | (2004) }} }} }}{{ #if: Ryan KJ, Ray CG (editors) | . }}{{ #if: | "{{ #if: | [{{{chapterurl}}} {{{chapter}}}] | {{{chapter}}} }}",}}{{ #if: | in {{{editor}}}: }} {{ #if: | [{{{url}}} Sherris Medical Microbiology] | Sherris Medical Microbiology }}{{ #if: | ({{{format}}}) }}{{ #if: | , {{{others}}} }}{{ #if: 4th ed. | , 4th ed. }}{{ #if: | , {{{series}}} }}{{ #if: | (in {{{language}}}) }}{{ #if: McGraw Hill | {{#if: 4th ed. | , | . }}{{ #if: | {{{location}}}: }}McGraw Hill }}{{ #if: | , {{{page}}} }}{{ #if: | . DOI:{{{doi}}} }}{{ #if: | . {{{id}}} }}{{ #if: 0-8385-8529-9 | . ISBN 0-8385-8529-9 }}{{ #if: | . OCLC {{{oclc}}} }}{{ #if: | {{ #if: | . Retrieved on [[{{{accessdate}}}]] | {{ #if: | . Retrieved {{ #if: | on [[{{{accessmonth}}} {{{accessyear}}}]] | during [[{{{accessyear}}}]] }}}} }} }}.{{ #if: |  “{{{quote}}}” }} 
  4. ↑ {{#if:Dunn BE, Cohen H, Blaser MJ |{{#if: |[[{{{authorlink}}}|{{#if: |{{{last}}}{{#if: |, {{{first}}} }} |Dunn BE, Cohen H, Blaser MJ }}]] |{{#if: |{{{last}}}{{#if: |, {{{first}}} }} |Dunn BE, Cohen H, Blaser MJ }} }} }}{{#if:Dunn BE, Cohen H, Blaser MJ |{{#if: | ; {{{coauthors}}} }} }}{{#if: | ({{{date}}}) |{{#if:1997 |{{#if: | ({{{month}}} 1997) | (1997) }} }} }}{{#if:Dunn BE, Cohen H, Blaser MJ | . }}{{#if:Dunn BE, Cohen H, Blaser MJ1997 | }}{{#ifeq: | no | | {{#if: |“|"}} }}{{#if:http://cmr.asm.org/cgi/reprint/10/4/720? |Helicobacter pylori. |Helicobacter pylori. }}{{#ifeq: | no | | {{#if:|”|"}} }}{{#if: | (in {{{language}}}) }}{{#if: | ({{{format}}}) }}{{#if:Clin Microbiol Rev. |. Clin Microbiol Rev. }}{{#if:10 | 10 }}{{#if: | () }}{{#if:720–741 |: 720–741 }}{{#if: |. {{#if: |{{{location}}}: }}{{{publisher}}} }}{{#if: |. doi:{{{doi}}} }}{{#if: |. ISSN {{{issn}}} }}{{#if: |. PMID {{{pmid}}} }}{{#if: |. Bibcode: {{{bibcode}}} }}{{#if: |. OCLC {{{oclc}}} }}{{#if: |. {{{id}}} }}{{#if: |. Retrieved on [[{{{accessdate}}}]]{{#if: | , [[{{{accessyear}}}]] }} }}{{#if: | Retrieved on {{{accessmonthday}}}, {{{accessyear}}} }}{{#if: | Retrieved on {{{accessdaymonth}}} {{{accessyear}}} }}{{#if: |. [{{{laysummary}}} Lay summary]{{#if: | – {{{laysource}}}}} }}{{#if: | ([[{{{laydate}}}]]) }}.{{#if: | “{{{quote}}}” }}
  5. ↑ {{#if:Hua JS, Zheng PY, Ho B |{{#if: |[[{{{authorlink}}}|{{#if: |{{{last}}}{{#if: |, {{{first}}} }} |Hua JS, Zheng PY, Ho B }}]] |{{#if: |{{{last}}}{{#if: |, {{{first}}} }} |Hua JS, Zheng PY, Ho B }} }} }}{{#if:Hua JS, Zheng PY, Ho B |{{#if: | ; {{{coauthors}}} }} }}{{#if: | ({{{date}}}) |{{#if:1999 |{{#if: | ({{{month}}} 1999) | (1999) }} }} }}{{#if:Hua JS, Zheng PY, Ho B | . }}{{#if:Hua JS, Zheng PY, Ho B1999 | }}{{#ifeq: | no | | {{#if: |“|"}} }}{{#if:http://www.wjgnet.com/1007-9327/5/7.pdf |Species differentiation and identification in the genus of Helicobacter. |Species differentiation and identification in the genus of Helicobacter. }}{{#ifeq: | no | | {{#if:|”|"}} }}{{#if: | (in {{{language}}}) }}{{#if: | ({{{format}}}) }}{{#if:World Journal of Gastroenterology. |. World Journal of Gastroenterology. }}{{#if:5 | 5 }}{{#if:1 | (1) }}{{#if:7–9 |: 7–9 }}{{#if: |. {{#if: |{{{location}}}: }}{{{publisher}}} }}{{#if: |. doi:{{{doi}}} }}{{#if: |. ISSN {{{issn}}} }}{{#if: |. PMID {{{pmid}}} }}{{#if: |. Bibcode: {{{bibcode}}} }}{{#if: |. OCLC {{{oclc}}} }}{{#if: |. {{{id}}} }}{{#if: |. Retrieved on [[{{{accessdate}}}]]{{#if: | , [[{{{accessyear}}}]] }} }}{{#if: | Retrieved on {{{accessmonthday}}}, {{{accessyear}}} }}{{#if: | Retrieved on {{{accessdaymonth}}} {{{accessyear}}} }}{{#if: |. [{{{laysummary}}} Lay summary]{{#if: | – {{{laysource}}}}} }}{{#if: | ([[{{{laydate}}}]]) }}.{{#if: | “{{{quote}}}” }}
  6. ↑ {{ #if: Kathleen Park Talaro | {{ #if: | [[{{{authorlink}}}|{{ #if: | {{{last}}}{{ #if: | , {{{first}}} }} | Kathleen Park Talaro }}]] | {{ #if: | {{{last}}}{{ #if: | , {{{first}}} }} | Kathleen Park Talaro }} }} }}{{ #if: Kathleen Park Talaro | {{ #if: | ; {{{coauthors}}} }} }}{{ #if: | [{{{origdate}}}] | {{ #if: | {{ #if: | [{{{origmonth}}} {{{origyear}}}] | [{{{origyear}}}] }} }} }}{{ #if: | ({{{date}}}) | {{ #if: 2006 | {{ #if: | ({{{month}}} 2006) | (2006) }} }} }}{{ #if: Kathleen Park Talaro | . }}{{ #if: | "{{ #if: | [{{{chapterurl}}} {{{chapter}}}] | {{{chapter}}} }}",}}{{ #if: | in {{{editor}}}: }} {{ #if: | [{{{url}}} Foundations in Microbiology] | Foundations in Microbiology }}{{ #if: | ({{{format}}}) }}{{ #if: | , {{{others}}} }}{{ #if: 6th ed. | , 6th ed. }}{{ #if: | , {{{series}}} }}{{ #if: | (in {{{language}}}) }}{{ #if: McGraw Hill | {{#if: 6th ed. | , | . }}{{ #if: | {{{location}}}: }}McGraw Hill }}{{ #if: | , {{{page}}} }}{{ #if: | . DOI:{{{doi}}} }}{{ #if: | . {{{id}}} }}{{ #if: 0072994959 | . ISBN 0072994959 }}{{ #if: | . OCLC {{{oclc}}} }}{{ #if: | {{ #if: | . Retrieved on [[{{{accessdate}}}]] | {{ #if: | . Retrieved {{ #if: | on [[{{{accessmonth}}} {{{accessyear}}}]] | during [[{{{accessyear}}}]] }}}} }} }}.{{ #if: |  “{{{quote}}}” }} 
  7. ↑ {{#if:Robert P H Logan, Marjorie M Walker |{{#if: |[[{{{authorlink}}}|{{#if: |{{{last}}}{{#if: |, {{{first}}} }} |Robert P H Logan, Marjorie M Walker }}]] |{{#if: |{{{last}}}{{#if: |, {{{first}}} }} |Robert P H Logan, Marjorie M Walker }} }} }}{{#if:Robert P H Logan, Marjorie M Walker |{{#if: | ; {{{coauthors}}} }} }}{{#if: | ({{{date}}}) |{{#if:2001 |{{#if: | ({{{month}}} 2001) | (2001) }} }} }}{{#if:Robert P H Logan, Marjorie M Walker | . }}{{#if:Robert P H Logan, Marjorie M Walker2001 | }}{{#ifeq: | no | | {{#if: |“|"}} }}{{#if:http://www.bmj.com/cgi/content/full/323/7318/920 |Epidemiology and diagnosis of Helicobacter pylori infection . |Epidemiology and diagnosis of Helicobacter pylori infection . }}{{#ifeq: | no | | {{#if:|”|"}} }}{{#if: | (in {{{language}}}) }}{{#if: | ({{{format}}}) }}{{#if:BMJ 2001;323:920-922 ( 20 October ) |. BMJ 2001;323:920-922 ( 20 October ) }}{{#if: | ' }}{{#if: | () }}{{#if:–741 |: –741 }}{{#if: |. {{#if: |{{{location}}}: }}{{{publisher}}} }}{{#if: |. doi:{{{doi}}} }}{{#if: |. ISSN {{{issn}}} }}{{#if: |. PMID {{{pmid}}} }}{{#if: |. Bibcode: {{{bibcode}}} }}{{#if: |. OCLC {{{oclc}}} }}{{#if: |. {{{id}}} }}{{#if: |. Retrieved on [[{{{accessdate}}}]]{{#if: | , [[{{{accessyear}}}]] }} }}{{#if: | Retrieved on {{{accessmonthday}}}, {{{accessyear}}} }}{{#if: | Retrieved on {{{accessdaymonth}}} {{{accessyear}}} }}{{#if: |. [{{{laysummary}}} Lay summary]{{#if: | – {{{laysource}}}}} }}{{#if: | ([[{{{laydate}}}]]) }}.{{#if: | “{{{quote}}}” }}

See also

External links

de:Helicobacter es:Helicobacter fr:Helicobacter mk:Хеликобактер pt:Helicobacter

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