Gilbert's syndrome
From Ask Dr Wiki
| Gilbert's syndrome Classification & external resources | ||
| }} | ||
|---|---|---|
| Bilirubin}} | ||
| ICD-10 | E80.4}} | |
| ICD-9 | 277.4}} | |
| ICD-O: | }} | |
| OMIM | 143500 }} | |
| DiseasesDB | 5218 }} | |
| MedlinePlus | [2] }} | |
| eMedicine | search | topic list | med/870 }} }} | |
| MeSH | D005878 }} | |
| MeSH | {{{MeshNumber}}}}} | |
Gilbert's syndrome, often shortened to the acronym GS, is the most common hereditary cause of increased bilirubin, and is found in up to 5% of the population. The main symptom is otherwise harmless jaundice which does not require treatment, caused by elevated levels of unconjugated bilirubin in the bloodstream (hyperbilirubinemia).
The source of this hyperbilirubinemia is reduced activity of the enzyme glucuronyltransferase which conjugates bilirubin and some other lipophilic molecules. Conjugation renders the bilirubin water-soluble, after which it is excreted in bile into the duodenum.
Contents |
Eponym
Gilbert's syndrome was first described by French gastroenterologist Augustin Nicolas Gilbert and co-workers in 1901.[1][2]
In German literature, it is commonly associated with Jens Einar Meulengracht.[3]
Pathogenesis
Gilbert's syndrome is caused by approximately 30%-50% reduced glucuronidation activity of the enzyme Uridine-diphosphate-glucuronosyltransferase isoform 1A1 (UGT1A1).[4][5] The gene which encodes UGT1A1 normally has a promoter region TATA box containing the allele A(TA6)TAA. Gilbert's syndrome is associated with homozygous A(TA7)TAA alleles.[6] The allele polymorphism is referred to as UGT1A1*28.
Signs and symptoms
Gilbert's syndrome produces an elevated level of unconjugated bilirubin in the bloodstream but normally has no serious consequence. Mild jaundice may appear under conditions of exertion, stress, fasting, and infections, but the condition is otherwise asymptomatic. [7][8]
Gilbert's syndrome also reduces the liver's ability to detoxify certain drugs. For example, Gilbert's syndrome is associated with severe diarrhea and neutropenia in patients who are treated with irinotecan, which is metabolized by UGT1A1.[9]
While paracetamol (acetaminophen) is not metabolized by UGT1A1,[10] it is metabolized by one of the other enzymes also deficient in some people with GS.[11][12] A subset of people with GS may have an increased risk of paracetamol toxicity.[12][13]
Diagnosis
While this syndrome is considered harmless, it is clinically important because it may be confused with much more dangerous liver conditions. However, these will show other indicators of liver dysfunction. Hemolysis can be excluded by a full blood count, haptoglobin, and lactate dehydrogenase levels. Liver biopsy is rarely necessary. The onset of GS is often in childhood or early adulthood.
Normal levels of total bilirubin (conjugated and unconjugated) are under 20 mmol/dL. Patients with GS show predominantly elevated unconjugated bilirubin, while conjugated is usually in normal ranges and form less than 20% of the total. Levels of bilirubin in GS patients should be between 20 mmol/dl and 80 mmol/dl (or, divided by 17.1 to express these numbers in mg/dL, between 1.17 and 4.68 mg/dL). GS patients will have a ratio of unconjugated/conjugated (indirect/direct) bilirubin that is commensurately higher than those without GS. Other liver enzymes are expected to be similar between patients with and without GS. Complete liver enzyme tests are ordered in order to assure the correct diagnosis.
The level of total bilirubin is often increased if the blood sample is taken while fasting.
More severe types of glucoronyl transferase disorders like GS are Crigler-Najjar syndrome (types I and II). These are much more severe and cause brain damage in infancy (type I) and teenage years (type II).
Edit = (Normal reference range of bilirubin is between 3-17 micro mol/L not mmol/dL)
Synonyms
Alternative, less common names for this disorder are as follows:
- Familial benign unconjugated hyperbilirubinaemia
- Constitutional liver dysfunction
- Familial non-hemolytic non-obstructive jaundice
- Icterus intermittens juvenilis
- Low-grade chronic hyperbilirubinemia
- Unconjugated benign bilirubinemia
- Morbus
See also
References
- ↑ Gilbert's syndrome at Who Named It
- ↑ Gilbert A, Lereboullet P. La cholemie simple familiale. Sem Med 1901;21:241-3.
- ↑ doctor/2449 at Who Named It
- ↑ {{#if:Raijmakers MT, Jansen PL, Steegers EA, Peters WH |{{#if: |[[{{{authorlink}}}|{{#if: |{{{last}}}{{#if: |, {{{first}}} }} |Raijmakers MT, Jansen PL, Steegers EA, Peters WH }}]] |{{#if: |{{{last}}}{{#if: |, {{{first}}} }} |Raijmakers MT, Jansen PL, Steegers EA, Peters WH }} }} }}{{#if:Raijmakers MT, Jansen PL, Steegers EA, Peters WH |{{#if: | ; {{{coauthors}}} }} }}{{#if: | ({{{date}}}) |{{#if:2000 |{{#if: | ({{{month}}} 2000) | (2000) }} }} }}{{#if:Raijmakers MT, Jansen PL, Steegers EA, Peters WH | . }}{{#if:Raijmakers MT, Jansen PL, Steegers EA, Peters WH2000 | }}{{#ifeq: | no | | {{#if: |“|"}} }}{{#if: |[{{{url}}} Association of human liver bilirubin UDP-glucuronyltransferase activity with a polymorphism in the promoter region of the UGT1A1 gene] |Association of human liver bilirubin UDP-glucuronyltransferase activity with a polymorphism in the promoter region of the UGT1A1 gene }}{{#ifeq: | no | | {{#if:|”|"}} }}{{#if: | (in {{{language}}}) }}{{#if: | ({{{format}}}) }}{{#if:Journal of Hepatology |. Journal of Hepatology }}{{#if:33 | 33 }}{{#if:3 | (3) }}{{#if:348-351 |: 348-351 }}{{#if: |. {{#if: |{{{location}}}: }}{{{publisher}}} }}{{#if: |. doi:{{{doi}}} }}{{#if: |. ISSN {{{issn}}} }}{{#if: |. PMID {{{pmid}}} }}{{#if: |. Bibcode: {{{bibcode}}} }}{{#if: |. OCLC {{{oclc}}} }}{{#if:PMID 11019988 |. PMID 11019988 }}{{#if: |. Retrieved on [[{{{accessdate}}}]]{{#if: | , [[{{{accessyear}}}]] }} }}{{#if: | Retrieved on {{{accessmonthday}}}, {{{accessyear}}} }}{{#if: | Retrieved on {{{accessdaymonth}}} {{{accessyear}}} }}{{#if: |. [{{{laysummary}}} Lay summary]{{#if: | – {{{laysource}}}}} }}{{#if: | ([[{{{laydate}}}]]) }}.{{#if: | “{{{quote}}}” }}
- ↑ {{#if:Bosma PJ, Chowdhury JR, Bakker C, Gantla S, de Boer A, Oostra BA, Lindhout D, Tytgat GN, Jansen PL, Oude Elferink RP, et al. |{{#if: |[[{{{authorlink}}}|{{#if: |{{{last}}}{{#if: |, {{{first}}} }} |Bosma PJ, Chowdhury JR, Bakker C, Gantla S, de Boer A, Oostra BA, Lindhout D, Tytgat GN, Jansen PL, Oude Elferink RP, et al. }}]] |{{#if: |{{{last}}}{{#if: |, {{{first}}} }} |Bosma PJ, Chowdhury JR, Bakker C, Gantla S, de Boer A, Oostra BA, Lindhout D, Tytgat GN, Jansen PL, Oude Elferink RP, et al. }} }} }}{{#if:Bosma PJ, Chowdhury JR, Bakker C, Gantla S, de Boer A, Oostra BA, Lindhout D, Tytgat GN, Jansen PL, Oude Elferink RP, et al. |{{#if: | ; {{{coauthors}}} }} }}{{#if: | ({{{date}}}) |{{#if:1995 |{{#if: | ({{{month}}} 1995) | (1995) }} }} }}{{#if:Bosma PJ, Chowdhury JR, Bakker C, Gantla S, de Boer A, Oostra BA, Lindhout D, Tytgat GN, Jansen PL, Oude Elferink RP, et al. | . }}{{#if:Bosma PJ, Chowdhury JR, Bakker C, Gantla S, de Boer A, Oostra BA, Lindhout D, Tytgat GN, Jansen PL, Oude Elferink RP, et al.1995 | }}{{#ifeq: | no | | {{#if: |“|"}} }}{{#if: |[{{{url}}} The genetic basis of the reduced expression of bilirubin UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1 in Gilbert's syndrome.] |The genetic basis of the reduced expression of bilirubin UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1 in Gilbert's syndrome. }}{{#ifeq: | no | | {{#if:|”|"}} }}{{#if: | (in {{{language}}}) }}{{#if: | ({{{format}}}) }}{{#if:New England Journal of Medicine |. New England Journal of Medicine }}{{#if:333 | 333 }}{{#if:18 | (18) }}{{#if:1171-5 |: 1171-5 }}{{#if: |. {{#if: |{{{location}}}: }}{{{publisher}}} }}{{#if: |. doi:{{{doi}}} }}{{#if: |. ISSN {{{issn}}} }}{{#if: |. PMID {{{pmid}}} }}{{#if: |. Bibcode: {{{bibcode}}} }}{{#if: |. OCLC {{{oclc}}} }}{{#if:PMID 7565971 |. PMID 7565971 }}{{#if: |. Retrieved on [[{{{accessdate}}}]]{{#if: | , [[{{{accessyear}}}]] }} }}{{#if: | Retrieved on {{{accessmonthday}}}, {{{accessyear}}} }}{{#if: | Retrieved on {{{accessdaymonth}}} {{{accessyear}}} }}{{#if: |. [{{{laysummary}}} Lay summary]{{#if: | – {{{laysource}}}}} }}{{#if: | ([[{{{laydate}}}]]) }}.{{#if: | “{{{quote}}}” }}
- ↑ {{#if:Monaghan G, Ryan M, Seddon R, Hume R, Burchell B |{{#if: |[[{{{authorlink}}}|{{#if: |{{{last}}}{{#if: |, {{{first}}} }} |Monaghan G, Ryan M, Seddon R, Hume R, Burchell B }}]] |{{#if: |{{{last}}}{{#if: |, {{{first}}} }} |Monaghan G, Ryan M, Seddon R, Hume R, Burchell B }} }} }}{{#if:Monaghan G, Ryan M, Seddon R, Hume R, Burchell B |{{#if: | ; {{{coauthors}}} }} }}{{#if: | ({{{date}}}) |{{#if:1996 |{{#if: | ({{{month}}} 1996) | (1996) }} }} }}{{#if:Monaghan G, Ryan M, Seddon R, Hume R, Burchell B | . }}{{#if:Monaghan G, Ryan M, Seddon R, Hume R, Burchell B1996 | }}{{#ifeq: | no | | {{#if: |“|"}} }}{{#if: |[{{{url}}} Genetic variation in bilirubin UPD-glucuronosyltransferase gene promoter and Gilbert's syndrome.] |Genetic variation in bilirubin UPD-glucuronosyltransferase gene promoter and Gilbert's syndrome. }}{{#ifeq: | no | | {{#if:|”|"}} }}{{#if: | (in {{{language}}}) }}{{#if: | ({{{format}}}) }}{{#if:Lancet |. Lancet }}{{#if:347 | 347 }}{{#if:9001 | (9001) }}{{#if:578-81 |: 578-81 }}{{#if: |. {{#if: |{{{location}}}: }}{{{publisher}}} }}{{#if: |. doi:{{{doi}}} }}{{#if: |. ISSN {{{issn}}} }}{{#if: |. PMID {{{pmid}}} }}{{#if: |. Bibcode: {{{bibcode}}} }}{{#if: |. OCLC {{{oclc}}} }}{{#if:PMID 8596320 |. PMID 8596320 }}{{#if: |. Retrieved on [[{{{accessdate}}}]]{{#if: | , [[{{{accessyear}}}]] }} }}{{#if: | Retrieved on {{{accessmonthday}}}, {{{accessyear}}} }}{{#if: | Retrieved on {{{accessdaymonth}}} {{{accessyear}}} }}{{#if: |. [{{{laysummary}}} Lay summary]{{#if: | – {{{laysource}}}}} }}{{#if: | ([[{{{laydate}}}]]) }}.{{#if: | “{{{quote}}}” }}
- ↑ Kasper et al, Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, 16th edition, McGraw-Hill 2005
- ↑ Boon et al, Davidson's Principles & Practice of Medicine, 20th edition, Churchill Livingstone 2006
- ↑ {{#if:Marcuello E, Altés A, Menoyo A, Del Rio E, Gómez-Pardo M, Baiget M |{{#if: |[[{{{authorlink}}}|{{#if: |{{{last}}}{{#if: |, {{{first}}} }} |Marcuello E, Altés A, Menoyo A, Del Rio E, Gómez-Pardo M, Baiget M }}]] |{{#if: |{{{last}}}{{#if: |, {{{first}}} }} |Marcuello E, Altés A, Menoyo A, Del Rio E, Gómez-Pardo M, Baiget M }} }} }}{{#if:Marcuello E, Altés A, Menoyo A, Del Rio E, Gómez-Pardo M, Baiget M |{{#if: | ; {{{coauthors}}} }} }}{{#if: | ({{{date}}}) |{{#if:2004 |{{#if: | ({{{month}}} 2004) | (2004) }} }} }}{{#if:Marcuello E, Altés A, Menoyo A, Del Rio E, Gómez-Pardo M, Baiget M | . }}{{#if:Marcuello E, Altés A, Menoyo A, Del Rio E, Gómez-Pardo M, Baiget M2004 | }}{{#ifeq: | no | | {{#if: |“|"}} }}{{#if: |[{{{url}}} UGT1A1 gene variations and irinotecan treatment in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer.] |UGT1A1 gene variations and irinotecan treatment in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer. }}{{#ifeq: | no | | {{#if:|”|"}} }}{{#if: | (in {{{language}}}) }}{{#if: | ({{{format}}}) }}{{#if:Br J Cancer |. Br J Cancer }}{{#if:91 | 91 }}{{#if:4 | (4) }}{{#if:678-82 |: 678-82 }}{{#if: |. {{#if: |{{{location}}}: }}{{{publisher}}} }}{{#if: |. doi:{{{doi}}} }}{{#if: |. ISSN {{{issn}}} }}{{#if: |. PMID {{{pmid}}} }}{{#if: |. Bibcode: {{{bibcode}}} }}{{#if: |. OCLC {{{oclc}}} }}{{#if:PMID 15280927 |. PMID 15280927 }}{{#if: |. Retrieved on [[{{{accessdate}}}]]{{#if: | , [[{{{accessyear}}}]] }} }}{{#if: | Retrieved on {{{accessmonthday}}}, {{{accessyear}}} }}{{#if: | Retrieved on {{{accessdaymonth}}} {{{accessyear}}} }}{{#if: |. [{{{laysummary}}} Lay summary]{{#if: | – {{{laysource}}}}} }}{{#if: | ([[{{{laydate}}}]]) }}.{{#if: | “{{{quote}}}” }}
- ↑ {{#if:Rauchschwalbe S, Zuhlsdorf M, Wensing G, Kuhlmann J |{{#if: |[[{{{authorlink}}}|{{#if: |{{{last}}}{{#if: |, {{{first}}} }} |Rauchschwalbe S, Zuhlsdorf M, Wensing G, Kuhlmann J }}]] |{{#if: |{{{last}}}{{#if: |, {{{first}}} }} |Rauchschwalbe S, Zuhlsdorf M, Wensing G, Kuhlmann J }} }} }}{{#if:Rauchschwalbe S, Zuhlsdorf M, Wensing G, Kuhlmann J |{{#if: | ; {{{coauthors}}} }} }}{{#if: | ({{{date}}}) |{{#if:2004 |{{#if: | ({{{month}}} 2004) | (2004) }} }} }}{{#if:Rauchschwalbe S, Zuhlsdorf M, Wensing G, Kuhlmann J | . }}{{#if:Rauchschwalbe S, Zuhlsdorf M, Wensing G, Kuhlmann J2004 | }}{{#ifeq: | no | | {{#if: |“|"}} }}{{#if: |[{{{url}}} Glucuronidation of acetaminophen is independent of UGT1A1 promotor genotype.] |Glucuronidation of acetaminophen is independent of UGT1A1 promotor genotype. }}{{#ifeq: | no | | {{#if:|”|"}} }}{{#if: | (in {{{language}}}) }}{{#if: | ({{{format}}}) }}{{#if:Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther |. Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther }}{{#if:42 | 42 }}{{#if:2 | (2) }}{{#if:73-7 |: 73-7 }}{{#if: |. {{#if: |{{{location}}}: }}{{{publisher}}} }}{{#if: |. doi:{{{doi}}} }}{{#if: |. ISSN {{{issn}}} }}{{#if: |. PMID {{{pmid}}} }}{{#if: |. Bibcode: {{{bibcode}}} }}{{#if: |. OCLC {{{oclc}}} }}{{#if:PMID 15180166 |. PMID 15180166 }}{{#if: |. Retrieved on [[{{{accessdate}}}]]{{#if: | , [[{{{accessyear}}}]] }} }}{{#if: | Retrieved on {{{accessmonthday}}}, {{{accessyear}}} }}{{#if: | Retrieved on {{{accessdaymonth}}} {{{accessyear}}} }}{{#if: |. [{{{laysummary}}} Lay summary]{{#if: | – {{{laysource}}}}} }}{{#if: | ([[{{{laydate}}}]]) }}.{{#if: | “{{{quote}}}” }}
- ↑ {{#if:Kohle C, Mohrle B, Munzel PA, Schwab M, Wernet D, Badary OA, Bock KW |{{#if: |[[{{{authorlink}}}|{{#if: |{{{last}}}{{#if: |, {{{first}}} }} |Kohle C, Mohrle B, Munzel PA, Schwab M, Wernet D, Badary OA, Bock KW }}]] |{{#if: |{{{last}}}{{#if: |, {{{first}}} }} |Kohle C, Mohrle B, Munzel PA, Schwab M, Wernet D, Badary OA, Bock KW }} }} }}{{#if:Kohle C, Mohrle B, Munzel PA, Schwab M, Wernet D, Badary OA, Bock KW |{{#if: | ; {{{coauthors}}} }} }}{{#if: | ({{{date}}}) |{{#if:2003 |{{#if: | ({{{month}}} 2003) | (2003) }} }} }}{{#if:Kohle C, Mohrle B, Munzel PA, Schwab M, Wernet D, Badary OA, Bock KW | . }}{{#if:Kohle C, Mohrle B, Munzel PA, Schwab M, Wernet D, Badary OA, Bock KW2003 | }}{{#ifeq: | no | | {{#if: |“|"}} }}{{#if: |[{{{url}}} Frequent co-occurrence of the TATA box mutation associated with Gilbert's syndrome (UGT1A1*28) with other polymorphisms of the UDP-glucuronosyltransferase-1 locus (UGT1A6*2 and UGT1A7*3) in Caucasians and Egyptians.] |Frequent co-occurrence of the TATA box mutation associated with Gilbert's syndrome (UGT1A1*28) with other polymorphisms of the UDP-glucuronosyltransferase-1 locus (UGT1A6*2 and UGT1A7*3) in Caucasians and Egyptians. }}{{#ifeq: | no | | {{#if:|”|"}} }}{{#if: | (in {{{language}}}) }}{{#if: | ({{{format}}}) }}{{#if:Biochem Pharmacol |. Biochem Pharmacol }}{{#if:65 | 65 }}{{#if:9 | (9) }}{{#if:1521-7 |: 1521-7 }}{{#if: |. {{#if: |{{{location}}}: }}{{{publisher}}} }}{{#if: |. doi:{{{doi}}} }}{{#if: |. ISSN {{{issn}}} }}{{#if: |. PMID {{{pmid}}} }}{{#if: |. Bibcode: {{{bibcode}}} }}{{#if: |. OCLC {{{oclc}}} }}{{#if:PMID 12732365 |. PMID 12732365 }}{{#if: |. Retrieved on [[{{{accessdate}}}]]{{#if: | , [[{{{accessyear}}}]] }} }}{{#if: | Retrieved on {{{accessmonthday}}}, {{{accessyear}}} }}{{#if: | Retrieved on {{{accessdaymonth}}} {{{accessyear}}} }}{{#if: |. [{{{laysummary}}} Lay summary]{{#if: | – {{{laysource}}}}} }}{{#if: | ([[{{{laydate}}}]]) }}.{{#if: | “{{{quote}}}” }}
- ↑ 12.0 12.1 {{#if:Esteban A, Pérez-Mateo M |{{#if: |[[{{{authorlink}}}|{{#if: |{{{last}}}{{#if: |, {{{first}}} }} |Esteban A, Pérez-Mateo M }}]] |{{#if: |{{{last}}}{{#if: |, {{{first}}} }} |Esteban A, Pérez-Mateo M }} }} }}{{#if:Esteban A, Pérez-Mateo M |{{#if: | ; {{{coauthors}}} }} }}{{#if: | ({{{date}}}) |{{#if:1999 |{{#if: | ({{{month}}} 1999) | (1999) }} }} }}{{#if:Esteban A, Pérez-Mateo M | . }}{{#if:Esteban A, Pérez-Mateo M1999 | }}{{#ifeq: | no | | {{#if: |“|"}} }}{{#if: |[{{{url}}} Heterogeneity of paracetamol metabolism in Gilbert's syndrome] |Heterogeneity of paracetamol metabolism in Gilbert's syndrome }}{{#ifeq: | no | | {{#if:|”|"}} }}{{#if: | (in {{{language}}}) }}{{#if: | ({{{format}}}) }}{{#if:European journal of drug metabolism and pharmacokinetics |. European journal of drug metabolism and pharmacokinetics }}{{#if:24 | 24 }}{{#if:1 | (1) }}{{#if:9–13 |: 9–13 }}{{#if: |. {{#if: |{{{location}}}: }}{{{publisher}}} }}{{#if: |. doi:[1] }}{{#if: |. ISSN {{{issn}}} }}{{#if:10412886 |. PMID 10412886 }}{{#if: |. Bibcode: {{{bibcode}}} }}{{#if: |. OCLC {{{oclc}}} }}{{#if: |. {{{id}}} }}{{#if: |. Retrieved on [[{{{accessdate}}}]]{{#if: | , [[{{{accessyear}}}]] }} }}{{#if: | Retrieved on {{{accessmonthday}}}, {{{accessyear}}} }}{{#if: | Retrieved on {{{accessdaymonth}}} {{{accessyear}}} }}{{#if: |. [{{{laysummary}}} Lay summary]{{#if: | – {{{laysource}}}}} }}{{#if: | ([[{{{laydate}}}]]) }}.{{#if: | “{{{quote}}}” }}
- ↑ Mukherjee S. Gilbert Syndrome. eMedicine.com. URL: http://www.emedicine.com/med/topic870.htm. Accessed: October 7, 2007.
External links
- GilbertsSyndrome.com - collection of information on Gilbert's Syndrome, including symptom survey
- Extract from "Total Wellness" by Dr. Joseph Pizzorno at gilbertsweb.co.uk
- Gilbert's Web Food Recommendations at gilbertsweb.co.uk
- Gilbert's Syndrome Fact Sheet at AllRefer Health
- Children's Liver Disease Foundation
es:Síndrome de Gilbert fr:Syndrome de Gilbert it:Sindrome di Gilbert he:תסמונת גילברט hu:Gilbert-szindróma nl:Syndroom van Gilbert pl:Zespół Gilberta pt:Síndrome de Gilbert sl:Gilbertov sindrom fi:Gilbertin oireyhtymä sv:Gilberts syndrom
